工学部紀要人文・社会編 抄録（Vol.23 No.2）

In SHIDOUYOUROKU（the cumulative guidance records), the pupil's performance in each subject is measured analytically. Therefor, the items of measurment must be appropriate, objective and exact. But regrettably, my survey had shown that the items of measurment in SHIDOUYOUROKU didn't satisfy those requirments. For that reaon, I can not but conclude that the current analytical assessment should be canceled.

The discourse types the students use depend on the types of the writing tasks. In the creative type of writing tasks students used less academic type of writing styles which lack the supportive evidences for their author's points. On the contrary, in the library research type of the task they frequently quoted the papers of authorities, which contain structural organization of an academic discourse.

The history of CALL applications has been largely one of unfulfilled promise and dashed expectations, due to ineffective teaching approaches, inadequate technology or a focus on entertainment, at the expense of teaching. A look at the roles the computer can play in the CALL lab gives an indication of how the computer can be used appropriately in the second language acquisition process. Only by integrating flexible and appropriate teaching methodologies with a clear view of the strengths and limits of computer technology can truly effective CALL based systems be developed.

One of the problems of English education in Japan is that although students obtain extensive grammar knowledge, they will hardly be able to become successful communicators. In spite of 6-10 years of English instruction at school, most Japanese not only have a lot of difficulty in comprehending input, but also difficulty in making their output understood. Negotiation is adjustment which learners and their interlocutors make in order to increase the comprehensibility of the message. It has been one of the major issues in language learning and the language acquisition field presently―however, it does not seem to have obtained sufficient recognition in the English education in Japan. With its practicality, negotiation would be a key factor in facilitating classroom interaction. This paper tries to review the historical and developmental background of negotiation theory (section 1), define its domain (section 2), describe its two aspects (section 3) and components of each of them (sections 4 and 5), draw out some insights from negotiation theory (section 6) and discuss their implications to activate English classrooms in Japan (section 7).

This story was highly valued by Edgar Alan Poe, but somewhat ignored by scholars of Nathaniel Hawthorne in the twentieth century.
The story can be understood on a superficial level as a story of an aged gentleman who tries to exact his revenge on a very old lady, who forty years ago was his fiance but has since married twice.
Other interpretations, including a biblical reading (the relationship between God and the Israelites), an isolation theme, criticism of 19th century America, and the author's own view of marriage, can all be taken from this story.
One new interpretation is that this short novel is a reflection of the author's lifelong agony, in that he become a novelist, unable to escape his fate of being unable to interact with people, merely being an observer, and his dedication to the artistic world, because he dedicated his life to the timeless artistic world rather than addressing the timely issues of worldly affairs. This can be seen if we reexamine the story very closely in connection with the author's notebooks, and later stories' themes.
In short, this work can be regarded as a revelation of the author's hidden psychology. Therefore, we can conclude that the essence of Nathaniel Hawthorne himself and his literary world can be discovered in this story. As such, this is not a work to be ignored, rather, it is a very significant work by this author.

Harmony is a core cultural value inherent to East Asian cultures. Generally, East Asian cultures strive to maintain harmony in every verbal behavior. It is assumed that Japanese desire to 'be the same as others' is a priority in everyday life. In previous studies, use of self-referential terms is more often observed when a speaker mentions his or her negative self-impressions and experiences. Speakers use self-referential terms as a way of portraying a humble attitude within social contexts. Thus, it is concluded that self-referential terms are more acceptable when speakers express themselves in a physically or mentally lower position. However, people have wants to be approved of. Generally, to praise oneself in conversation is not considered to be an acceptable practice in Japan, even though people may privately wish for approval. Therefore when the speakers would like to mention their superior situation, they incline to use different people's view. If speakers unintentionally praise themselves, it is found that they repair their utterances during the course of the conversation. Of additional importance, comprehension of a strategy used by speakers and referred to as repairing offers the key to an understanding of the negative societal view of self-assertiveness.

The purpose of this paper is to focus the concept of "face" regarded as an important concept that controls our daily communication and to clarify the difference of "face" in English, Chinese and Japanese. The reason why I take up this theme is that I am convinced that making the difference clear is indispensable for preventing, from happening, intercultural miscommunication. As a result of collecting each feature of "face" in English, Chinese and Japanese, in accordance with Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987) concerning English face, Mao (1994), Chinese face, and Matsumoto (1988) and Ide (1989), Japanese face, the following difference is clarified:
・English face refers to two basic individual wants composed of "positive face" (one's desire to be appreciated by others) and "negative face"(one's desire to be unimpeded by others).
・Chinese face is closely concerned with social or communal norms, that is, Chinese face is satisfied by acting and speaking in accordance with one's social norms and conventions.
・Japanese face is also characterized by community-oriented society, and satisfied by discerning the situation, one's status in their community and the relationship between interlocutors.
As seen in this difference, English face is characterized by individual wants while Chinese and Japanese face, the compliance with the community one belongs to. This difference between English face and Chinese and Japanese ones reflect on the diversity between western individual-oriented society and non-western community-oriented society.
I hope this kind of study contributes to devising more elaborate and comprehensive linguistic theory and promoting smooth intercultural communication.

This paper deals with the Catskill Mountain House, the first American mountain hotel, which is called "one of the monuments of nineteenth century American culture." Tourism started in America in 1820s and 1830s, half a century later than in Europe, especially in England. Soon American Grand Tour was established, including such American topographical features as Niagara Falls, but the most important part of the Grand Tour was the Hudson Valley. The Hudson Valley included the Hudson River and the Catskills, most importantly, the Catskill Mountain House, located on the shoulder of South Mountain. Until the time of the Civil War a lot of people visited this "famous cloud-capped palace" every summer.
What did this phenomenon mean? The author explores various literature of the time and tries to find out its import in religious and aesthetic contexts. She wants to show that the Mountain House was a sacred place to experience God more closely for people of the mid-nineteenth century.

Some gods of ancient Japan consult the unkown gods about the serious matter (uranahu). These gods are "narukami". "Naru" is one of the most important ancien Japanese words. "Naru" has no more the same meaning of "become" or "werden" than "shizen" has that of "nature" or "Natur".

"Lemon" was the first literary work of Kajiimotojiro, a writer during the end of Taishou and the beginning of Showa period. "Lemon" has earned much admiration, it is also a text which has allowed various different interpretations from many angles based on various new theories. However, the question of whether this work could be called a short story has never been mentioned. In this paper, I will discuss this classification question, and analyse the narrative structure in order to point out that the issue about this work's classifying contains a large number of subjects, the problem concerning Kajii's composing philosophy, the identity of Japanese novel and more.

The purpose of this study was to understand the concept of Identity. Understanding the concept of Identity for self-understanding, it was pointed out that Identity was "I" was "Me." What is "I" and what is "me?". It pointed that "I" was the heart, the soul of a person and "me" was the physical person, with all of one's environment, personality, limits, destiny, and potentials that lay within. And a person had some "ibasyo"-places in a society". It was discussed that in the places in a society he or she had a sense of identity.

CPA or audit firms, who audit financial statements in large publically-traded corporations are considered to be independent professionals. Today these auditors are　expected to play various roles not only by clients, but also by creditors and investors. However, when they express their opinion on a client's financial statements in an　auditor's certificate, they sometimes express opinions unsupported by reality. In the U. S. A. this can cause a suit against the auditors.
When judging professional mistakes, generally "reasonable man" standards are adopted, and these standards are classified for each profession. In the U. S. A. there are generally accepted accounting principles(GAAP), generally accepted auditing standards(GAAS), rules of compliance and so on, which have legal effects different from those in Japan. This article examines cases in the U. S. A. both where there is a clear standard and where there is no clear standard. In addition, these cases will be compared with a case in Japan.